Despite findings like these, many studies of treatment mechanisms have failed to show that theoretical mediators account for salutary effects of CBT-based interventions. Also, many studies that have examined potential mediators of outcomes have not provided a rigorous test [129] of mechanisms of change. These results suggest that researchers should strive to consider alternative mechanisms, improve assessment methods and/or revise theories about how CBT-based interventions work [77,130]. The empirical literature on relapse in addictions has grown substantially over the past decade.

• Knowledge about the role of NA in drinking behavior has benefited from daily process studies in which...

Cirrhosis of the liver Our liver filters out harmful substances, cleans our blood, stores energy and aids in digestion. Too much alcohol can be toxic to liver cells, causing dehydration and permanent scarring—which ultimately affects the blood flow. With excessive alcohol consumption, this important organ can't metabolize Vitamin D, which could develop into a deficiency. Some common signs and symptoms of cirrhosis include fatigue,...