First and foremost, the Supreme Court has stated that any attempt by Congress or the executive to vest the final adjudication of questions of constitutional law outside Article III courts38 would raise serious constitutional concerns, pick Thomas, 473 U.S. at 592, although we acknowledge that the Court has never resolved this question. In any event, this is not to say that constitutional claims may not ever be submitted to arbitration as an initial matter. Look for. age.grams., Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co., 467 U.S. 986 (1984). Rather, the...